Flow Sensors

Flow sensors are electromechanical devices used to measure the rate of fluid flow. Fluids can be air, gas, liquid or energy. They are used in applications that require bulk fluid movement analysis including: utilities monitoring (gas and water meters), HVAC systems, fuel and lubricant flow, cooling systems, printer toner monitoring, chemical flow monitoring and irrigation control. Technologies flow sensors employ includes: mechanical, pressure, optical, Coriolis force, ultrasonic flow, electromagnetic and laser Doppler velocimeters.

Mechanical flow sensors use a variation of a turbine that rotates in the fluid flow with an understood monotonic functional proportionality to the fluid velocity. Examples include: impellers, Pelton buckets and nutating disks. Mechanical flow meters can have an integrated conduit for directing flow across the rotating turbine.
Pressure based flow meters operate under Bernoulli’s principle to measure a pressure differential on either side of a barrier that partially interrupts flow or causes venturi effects. An example of this is vane/flap meters used in vehicles for detecting airflow. Pressure differential moves a vane that is spring loaded to detect the velocity of air flowing.
Optical gas flow meters use laser beams to sense the velocity of microscopic particulates that naturally occur in the gas. They provide an intrinsically safe method of measuring flow of dangerous gases. Optical flow meters are used in applications that include: flare and vent gas monitoring, CO2 emissions testing and biogas measurement.
Coriolis flow meters (also called mass flow meters or inertial flow meters) measure the mass (not volume) velocity. They utilize the Coriolis effect – a phenomenon that occurs when a moving object passes through a rotating reference frame. The fluid will tend to go in a straight line which will create a centrifugal force on the frame. In the case of fluid flow, this will create a torque that will cause resonant oscillations in a rotating assembly. This deflection can be measured and related to mass flow. By knowing the fluid density, the fluid velocity can be calculated.
Doppler and transit time ultrasonic flow meters are non-invasive methods of measuring flow that can operate through a pipe or vessel. Transit time meters use ultrasonic pulses to test in the direction of and against the fluid flow. The time difference between received pulses is used to determine the fluid velocity. Doppler type meters detect the movement of suspended particles or bubbles by analysis of the Doppler shift of reflected ultrasonic waves. They are excellent for non-obtrusive measurements in a variety of systems including blood flow monitoring. Laser Doppler velocimeters operate in a similar way but with a laser beam.
Electromagnetic (Mag) meters can directly measure the movement of a fluid through the flux of a magnetic field. They are available in contact and contactless types. Contact types require a conductive fluid and insulated pipe. Contactless flow meters utilize Lorentz force caused by a liquid interacting with a metal in a magnetic field. Hall effect sensors can be used on vanes or flappers to sense position and calculate fluid flow.

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